Wales, with its rolling green hills, rugged coastlines, and mysterious mountain ranges, is a country steeped in history, myth, and beauty. Among its most iconic landmarks are the castles that dot the landscape, remnants of medieval power struggles, royal ambitions, and epic battles. From the imposing structures built by Edward I to the romantic ruins hidden in quiet valleys, each castle tells a story about Wales' rich and turbulent past. For anyone passionate about history, architecture, or just looking to experience something truly magical, a visit to the castles of Wales offers an unforgettable adventure.
In this blog, we’ll explore some of Wales' most famous and enchanting castles, providing insights into their history, their unique architectural features, and tips on the best ways to visit them.
1. Conwy Castle: A Fortress Fit for a King
One of the most well-preserved medieval castles in Europe, Conwy Castle is a stunning example of Edwardian fortress architecture. Built by Edward I between 1283 and 1287, Conwy was part of a campaign to establish English dominance over Wales. Standing proudly above the Conwy Estuary, the castle’s eight massive towers and high curtain walls create a dramatic silhouette against the mountains.
The best way to experience Conwy is to take a walk along its medieval town walls, which offer panoramic views of the castle, the estuary, and the Snowdonia mountains beyond. Inside the castle, visitors can explore the Great Hall, where Edward I once held court, as well as the chapel and private chambers. Climbing up one of the castle's towers provides a breath-taking view of the surrounding landscape and the charming town of Conwy below.
Tip for Visitors: Conwy Castle is open year-round, though hours vary by season. Guided tours are available, which can provide fascinating historical context. The town of Conwy itself is also worth exploring, with its medieval architecture, quaint shops, and the smallest house in Britain located just by the quay.
2. Caernarfon Castle: The Seat of Welsh Royalty
Just a short drive from Conwy is Caernarfon Castle, another of Edward I's ambitious constructions and arguably the most impressive of his “iron ring” of fortresses around Wales. Caernarfon is not only a marvel of medieval architecture but also a site of great historical significance; it was here in 1969 that Prince Charles was formally invested as Prince of Wales. The castle’s polygonal towers, inspired by Constantinople's walls, lend it a unique architectural style that distinguishes it from other British castles.
Inside, visitors can explore its vast inner ward, walk along the castle walls, and view exhibitions on the castle's history and the Princes of Wales. The Eagle Tower, in particular, offers magnificent views of the Menai Strait and the mountains of Snowdonia.
Tip for Visitors: Caernarfon Castle is especially lively during the summer when it hosts re-enactments, medieval markets, and special events. Make sure to check the event schedule before planning your visit.
3. Harlech Castle: A Castle of Legends and Epic Views
Perched dramatically on a rocky crag overlooking Cardigan Bay, Harlech Castle has inspired poets, soldiers, and storytellers for centuries. Built by Edward I in the late 13th century, the castle played a crucial role during the Wars of the Roses and was famously besieged by the forces of Owain Glyndwr, the last native Prince of Wales. Its isolated, rugged location makes it feel like a fortress from another world.
One of the castle's most remarkable features is the "Way to the Sea" staircase, a stone staircase leading down to the shore below. This access allowed supplies to reach the castle by boat even when it was under siege. From the battlements, visitors can enjoy sweeping views of the coastline, the distant peaks of Snowdonia, and the beautiful Welsh countryside.
Tip for Visitors: Harlech Castle is particularly spectacular at sunset when the light bathes the stone in a golden glow. There’s also a visitors’ center with interactive displays that bring the castle’s history to life.
4. Cardiff Castle: A Blend of Roman, Medieval, and Victorian Heritage
Cardiff Castle is located right in the heart of Wales’ capital city, making it one of the most accessible and popular castles to visit. Its origins date back to Roman times, but the site was later fortified by the Normans and eventually transformed into a grand Victorian Gothic mansion. As a result, Cardiff Castle is an architectural blend of different eras, with its medieval keep standing alongside ornate Victorian interiors.
Visitors can tour the castle apartments, where richly decorated rooms with intricate woodwork, stained glass, and gilded ceilings await. The library, Arab room, and the Great Hall are some of the highlights. The castle also has expansive grounds perfect for picnics and, occasionally, open-air performances and festivals.
Tip for Visitors: Admission includes an audio guide, but consider booking a guided tour of the castle apartments for a deeper dive into the fascinating history and design of this unique structure. Cardiff is also home to other cultural sites, making it ideal for a day trip or weekend getaway.
5. Beaumaris Castle: The Unfinished Masterpiece
Beaumaris Castle on the Isle of Anglesey is often hailed as the "perfect concentric castle." Although it was never completed, Beaumaris is a masterpiece of design with its symmetrical walls, spacious moat, and elaborate defences. Designed by James of St. George, it was the last of Edward I’s castles in Wales, intended to be the strongest fortress of all.
The outer defences are surrounded by a large moat, and the inner walls have spacious, almost geometric symmetry. Although the castle was never finished due to financial constraints, the beauty of its architecture makes it one of the most striking castles in Wales. Beaumaris offers visitors a unique glimpse into medieval fortification techniques, showcasing elements like arrow slits, murder holes, and a grand gateway.
Tip for Visitors: Beaumaris is a quieter spot compared to other castles, making it a peaceful place to wander and explore at your own pace. The town of Beaumaris also offers charming shops, cafés, and a beautiful view of the Menai Strait.
6. Raglan Castle: A Renaissance Marvel
Raglan Castle in south-eastern Wales is one of the last true castles built in Wales and features distinct Renaissance influences, setting it apart from the traditional medieval structures. Constructed in the 15th century, Raglan was more of a luxurious residence than a fortress, designed with comfort and beauty in mind. The castle’s towering Great Gatehouse and charming moat give it a fairy-tale appearance.
A visit to Raglan reveals luxurious features like large windows, grand staircases, and an expansive Great Hall. It’s a castle that was meant to impress, with vast gardens and views over the surrounding countryside. Although partly ruined after the English Civil War, Raglan remains a captivating site, with a romantic, decayed charm.
Tip for Visitors: Raglan Castle is a great option for families as its spacious grounds are perfect for kids to explore. The castle often hosts medieval-themed events, which add to the historical experience.
7. Castell y Bere: A Hidden Gem in Snowdonia
Nestled in the rolling hills of Snowdonia National Park, Castell y Bere is a hidden gem that offers visitors a glimpse into the history of native Welsh fortifications. Built by Llewelyn the Great, this 13th-century castle is more modest than the grand Edwardian fortresses, but its location and atmosphere are unparalleled. Perched on a rocky ridge, Castell y Bere provides stunning views over the Dysynni Valley.
Although the castle lies in ruins today, its unique architectural features, such as the twin-towered gatehouse and cylindrical corner towers, are still visible. The peaceful setting and wild, natural beauty of the surrounding landscape make Castell y Bere a must-visit for those looking to experience the quieter side of Welsh history.
Tip for Visitors: Castell y Bere is free to enter and less crowded than other Welsh castles, making it a serene spot for a picnic or a reflective walk.
8. Pembroke Castle: A Birthplace of Royalty
Pembroke Castle, located in southwestern Wales, is famous as the birthplace of Henry VII, the first Tudor king. The castle’s location on a peninsula surrounded by a tidal river provides natural defences that made it a formidable stronghold. The massive Great Keep, which stands 23 meters tall, offers impressive views of the Pembroke River and the surrounding countryside.
Pembroke Castle is well-preserved, with plenty to explore, including dungeons, passageways, and the Great Hall. Its underground cavern, known as Wogan's Cavern, adds an air of mystery. Throughout the year, the castle hosts various events, including re-enactments, medieval festivals, and even open-air theatre performances.
Tip for Visitors: The town of Pembroke is charming and worth exploring after your castle visit. Pembroke Castle is also near the Pembrokeshire Coast, perfect for combining history with a coastal walk.
Planning Your Castle Tour in Wales
Visiting the castles of Wales can be done in a single trip with a well-planned itinerary, or over multiple visits if you prefer to savour each site at a slower pace. Many of these castles are concentrated in North Wales, where the Snowdonia region offers numerous outdoor activities to combine with castle-hopping. South Wales, with Cardiff and Pembroke, is also ideal for a castle-focused road trip.
Here are some tips for planning your tour:
Purchase a Cadw Membership: Cadw is the Welsh government's historic environment service, and a membership provides access to numerous castles and historic sites across Wales.
Check for Events: Many castles host special events, from medieval re-enactments to open-air performances, which can enhance your visit.
Consider Hiring a Guide: A knowledgeable guide can bring the history and legends of each castle to life.
Pack for the Weather: Wales is known for unpredictable weather, so bring waterproof gear and layers.
Final Thoughts
Exploring the castles of Wales is like stepping back in time, where you can imagine the clash of armies, the royal courts, and the stories of knights and princes. Each castle offers something unique, from the grandeur of Caernarfon and Conwy to the hidden tranquillity of Castell y Bere. For history enthusiasts, architecture lovers, and those seeking adventure, the castles of Wales are waiting to be discovered. There are moon light shepherd huts located all through out Wales and the UK, which make ideal bases in which to explore from.
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